Author Archives: kbroadli

Soil

Mineral Soils

  • Abies grandis (Grand fir)
  • Acer circinatum (Vine maple)
  • Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
  • Acer macrophyllum (Big leaf maple)
  • Alnus rubra (Red alder)
  • Alnus sinuata (Sitka alder)
  • Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry)
  • Arctostaphylos columbiana (Hairy manzanita)
  • Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Kinickinick)
  • Betula papyrifera (Paper birch)
  • Ceanothus sanguineus (Redstem ceanothus)
  • Ceanothus velutinus (Mountain balm)
  • Cornus nuttallii (Pacific dogwood)
  • Cornus sericea (Red twig dogwood)
  • Corylus cornuta (Beaked filbert, Hazelnut)
  • Crataegus columbiana (Columbia hawthorn)
  • Crataegus douglasii v douglasii (Douglas hawthorn)
  • Crataegus douglasii v suksdorfii (Black hawthorn)
  • Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash)
  • Gaultheria shallon (Salal)
  • Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
  • Lonicera ciliosa (Orange honeysuckle)
  • Lonicera hispidula (Hairy honeysuckle)
  • Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry)
  • Mahonia aquifolium (Tall Oregon grape)
  • Mahonia nervosa (Cascade Oregon grape)
  • Mahonia repens (Creeping Oregon grape)
  • Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
  • Myrica californica (Pacific wax myrtle)
  • Oemleria cerasiformis (Indian plum)
  • Philadelphus lewisii (Mock orange)
  • Physocarpus capitatus (Pacific ninebark)
  • Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta v contorta (Shore pine)
  • Populus balsamifera v trichocarpa (Black cottonwood)
  • Populus tremuloides (Aspen)
  • Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry)
  • Prunus virginiana (Choke cherry)
  • Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
  • Quercus garryana (Garry oak)
  • Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara)
  • Ribes bracteosum (Stink currant)
  • Ribes divaricatum (Black gooseberry)
  • Ribes lacustre (Swamp black gooseberry)
  • Ribes sanguineum (Red-flowering currant)
  • Rosa gymnocarpa (Bald-hip rose)
  • Rosa nutkana (Nutka rose)
  • Rosa pisocarpa (Peafruit rose)
  • Rubus leucodermis (Black-cap raspberry)
  • Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)
  • Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)
  • Rubus ursinus (Trailing blackberry)
  • Salix fluviatilis (Columbia willow)
  • Salix geyeriana (and organic, peat) (Geyer willow)
  • Salix hookeriana (Hooker willow)
  • Salix lucida v lasiandra (also organic) (Pacific willow)
  • Salix piperi (Piper willow)
  • Salix rigida (prolixa) (maybe to 25′, also organic) (Heartleaf willow)
  • Salix scouleriana (Scouler willow)
  • Salix sessilifolia (Soft leaved willow)
  • Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
  • Sambucus caerulea (Blue elderberry)
  • Sambucus racemosa (Red elderberry)
  • Shepherdia canadensis (Russet buffaloberry)
  • Spiraea betulifolia (Shiny leaf spirea)
  • Spiraea douglasii (Douglas spirea, hardhack)
  • Symphoricarpos albus (Common snowberry)
  • Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew)
  • Thuja plicata (Western red cedar)
  • Tsuga heterophylla (Western hemlock)
  • Vaccinium ovatum (prefers organic) (Evergreen huckleberry)
  • Vaccinium parvifolium (prefers organic) (Red huckleberry)
  • Viburnum trilobum (High bush cranberry)

Organic Soils

  • Abies grandis (Grand fir)
  • Acer circinatum (Vine maple)
  • Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
  • Acer macrophyllum (Big leaf maple)
  • Alnus rubra (prefers mineral) (Red alder)
  • Alnus sinuata (prefers mineral) (Sitka alder)
  • Amelanchier alnifolia (prefers mineral) (Serviceberry)
  • Betula glandulosa (Dwarf birch)
  • Betula papyrifera (Paper birch)
  • Cornus sericea (Red twig dogwood)
  • Corylus cornuta (Beaked filbert)
  • Crataegus douglasii v douglasii (Douglas hawthorn)
  • Crataegus douglasii v suksdorfii (Black hawthorn)
  • Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash)
  • Gaultheria shallon (Salal)
  • Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
  • Lonicera ciliosa (Orange honeysuckle)
  • Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry)
  • Mahonia aquifolium (Tall Oregon grape)
  • Mahonia nervosa (Cascade Or. grape)
  • Mahonia repens (Creeping Or. grape)
  • Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
  • Myrica gale (Sweet gale)
  • Oemleria cerasiformis (Indian plum)
  • Physocarpus capitatus (Pacific ninebark)
  • Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta v contorta (Shore pine)
  • Populus balsamifera v trichocarpa (Black cottonwood)
  • Populus tremuloides (Aspen)
  • Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara)
  • Ribes divaricatum (Black gooseberry)
  • Ribes lacustre (Swamp black gooseberry)
  • Rosa gymnocarpa (Bald-hip rose)
  • Rosa nutkana (Nutka rose)
  • Rosa pisocarpa (Peafruit rose)
  • Rubus leucodermis (Black-cap raspberry)
  • Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)
  • Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)
  • Rubus ursinus (Trailing blackberry)
  • Salix geyeriana (Geyer willow)
  • Salix hookeriana (Hooker willow)
  • Salix lucida v lasiandra (Pacific willow)
  • Salix piperi (Piper willow)
  • Salix rigida (prolixa) (Heartleaf willow)
  • Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
  • Sambucus racemosa (Red elderberry)
  • Shepherdia canadensis (Russet buffaloberry)
  • Spiraea douglasii (Douglas spirea, hardhack)
  • Symphoricarpos albus (Common snowberry)
  • Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew)
  • Thuja plicata (Western red cedar)
  • Tsuga heterophylla (Western hemlock)
  • Vaccinium ovatum (Evergreen huckleberry)
  • Vaccinium parvifolium (Red huckleberry)
  • Viburnum trilobum (High bush cranberry)

Peat Soils

  • Betula glandulosa (Dwarf birch)
  • Cornus sericea (Red twig dogwood)
  • Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash)
  • Gaultheria shallon (on hummocks so not saturated) (Salal)
  • Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry)
  • Myrica gale (Sweet gale)
  • Picea sitchensis (stunted) (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta v contorta (stunted) (Shore pine)
  • Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara)
  • Salix geyeriana (Geyer willow)
  • Salix piperi (Piper willow)
  • Spiraea douglasii (Douglas spirea, hardhack)

Moisture

Well-Drained Sites

Some species are more finicky about proper soil conditions and sunlight levels to grow optimally in well drained sites.

  • Abies grandis (Grand fir)
  • Acer circinatum (Vine maple)
  • Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
  • Acer macrophyllum (Big leaf maple)
  • Alnus sinuata (Sitka alder)
  • Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry)
  • Arctostaphylos columbiana (Hairy manzanita)
  • Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Kinickinick)
  • Betula papyrifera (Paper birch)
  • Ceanothus sanguineus (Redstem ceanothus)
  • Ceanothus velutinus (Mountain balm)
  • Cornus nuttallii (Pacific dogwood)
  • Corylus cornuta (Beaked filbert)
  • Gaultheria shallon (Salal)
  • Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
  • Lonicera ciliosa (Orange honeysuckle)
  • Lonicera hispidula (Hairy honeysuckle)
  • Mahonia aquifolium (Tall Oregon grape)
  • Mahonia nervosa (Cascade Oregon grape)
  • Myrica californica (Pacific wax myrtle)
  • Philadelphus lewisii (Mock orange)
  • Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta v contorta (Shore pine)
  • Populus balsamifera v trichocarpa (Black cottonwood)
  • Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry)
  • Prunus virginiana (Choke cherry)
  • Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
  • Quercus garryana (Garry oak)
  • Ribes sanguineum (Red-flowering currant)
  • Rosa gymnocarpa (Bald-hip rose)
  • Rosa nutkana (Nutka rose)
  • Rubus leucodermis (Black-cap raspberry)
  • Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)
  • Rubus ursinus (Trailing blackberry)
  • Salix scouleriana (Scouler willow)
  • Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
  • Sambucus caerulea (Blue elderberry)
  • Sambucus racemosa (Red elderberry)
  • Shepherdia canadensis (Russet buffaloberry)
  • Spiraea betulifolia (Shiny leaf spirea)
  • Symphoricarpos albus (Common snowberry)
  • Tsuga heterophylla (Western hemlock)
  • Vaccinium ovatum – organic soil (Evergreen huckleberry)
  • Vaccinium parvifolium – organic soil (Red huckleberry)

Winter-Wet (not necessarily flooded) & Summer-Dry Sites

  • Acer macrophyllum (Big leaf maple)
  • Acer circinatum (Vine maple)
  • Alnus rubra (Red alder)
  • Alnus sinuata (Sitka alder)
  • Betula papyrifera (Paper birch)
  • Cornus sericea (Red twig dogwood)
  • Corylus cornuta (Beaked filbert)
  • Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii (Douglas hawthorn)
  • Crataegus douglasii var. suksdorfii (Black hawthorn)
  • Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash)
  • Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry)
  • Mahonia nervosa (Cascade Oregon grape)
  • Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
  • Oemleria cerasiformis (Indian plum)
  • Physocarpus capitatus (Pacific ninebark)
  • Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta var. contorta (Shore pine)
  • Populus balsamifera var. trichocarpa (Black cottonwood)
  • Populus tremuloides (Aspen)
  • Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry)
  • Prunus virginiana (Choke cherry)
  • Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara)
  • Ribes bracteosum (Stink currant)
  • Ribes divaricatum (Black gooseberry)
  • Ribes lacustre (Swamp black gooseberry)
  • Rosa nutkana (Nutka rose)
  • Rosa pisocarpa (Peafruit rose)
  • Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)
  • Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)
  • Salix fluviatilis (Columbia willow)
  • Salix geyeriana (Geyer willow)
  • Salix hookeriana (Hooker willow)
  • Salix lucida var. lasiandra (Pacific willow)
  • Salix piperi (Piper willow)
  • Salix rigida (Heartleaf willow)
  • Salix scouleriana (Scouler willow)
  • Salix sessilifolia (Soft leaved willow)
  • Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
  • Sambucus racemosa (Red elderberry)
  • Spiraea douglasii (Douglas spirea, hardhack)
  • Symphoricarpos albus (Common snowberry)
  • Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew)
  • Thuja plicata (Western red cedar)
  • Viburnum trilobum (High bush cranberry)

Sites Moist (not necessarily flooded) All Year

  • Betula glandulosa (Dwarf birch)
  • Cornus sericea (Red twig dogwood)
  • Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash)
  • Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry)
  • Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
  • Myrica gale (Sweet gale)
  • Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta var. contorta (Shore pine)
  • Populus balsamifera var. trichocarpa (Black cottonwood)
  • Populus tremuloides (Aspen)
  • Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara)
  • Ribes bracteosum (Stink currant)
  • Ribes divaricatum (Black gooseberry)
  • Ribes lacustre (Swamp black gooseberry)
  • Rosa pisocarpa (Peafruit rose)
  • Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)
  • Salix fluviatilis (Columbia willow)
  • Salix hookeriana (Hooker willow)
  • Salix lucida var. lasiandra (Pacific willow)
  • Salix piperi (Piper willow)
  • Salix rigida (Heartleaf willow)
  • Salix sessilifolia (Soft leaved willow)
  • Salix sitchensis (Sitka willow)
  • Sambucus racemosa (Red elderberry)
  • Spiraea douglasii (Douglas spirea, hardhack)
  • Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew)
  • Thuja plicata (Western red cedar)
  • Viburnum trilobum (High bush cranberry)

Height

Under 12 feet at Mature Height

  • Arctostaphylos columbiana (Hairy manzanita)
  • Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Kinickinick)
  • Betula glandulosa (Dwarf birch)
  • Gaultheria shallon (Salal)
  • Lonicera ciliosa (twining) (Orange honeysuckle)
  • Lonicera hispidula (twining) (Hairy honeysuckle)
  • Mahonia aquifolium (Tall Oregon grape)
  • Mahonia nervosa (Cascade Oregon grape)
  • Myrica californica (Pacific wax myrtle)
  • Myrica gale (Sweet gale)
  • Ribes divaricatum (Black gooseberry)
  • Ribes lacustre (Swamp black gooseberry)
  • Ribes sanguineum (Red-flowering currant)
  • Rosa gymnocarpa (Bald-hip rose)
  • Rosa nutkana (Nutka rose)
  • Rosa pisocarpa (Peafruit rose)
  • Rubus leucodermis (Black-cap raspberry)
  • Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)
  • Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)
  • Rubus ursinus (Trailing blackberry)
  • Sorbus scopulina (Western mountain ash)
  • Spiraea betulifolia (Shiny leaf spirea)
  • Spiraea douglasii (Douglas spirea, hardhack)
  • Symphoricarpos albus (Common snowberry)
  • Vaccinium ovatum (Evergreen huckleberry)
  • Vaccinium parvifolium (Red huckleberry)

12-20 feet at Mature Height

  • Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry)
  • Ceanothus sanguineus (Redstem ceanothus)
  • Ceanothus velutinus (Mountain balm)
  • Cornus sericea (Red twig dogwood)
  • Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
  • Lonicera involucrata (Black Twinberry)
  • Oemleria cerasiformis (Indian plum)
  • Philadelphus lewisii (Mock orange)
  • Physocarpus capitatus (Pacific ninebark)
  • Ribes bracteosum (Stink currant)
  • Salix fluviatilis (Columbia willow)
  • Salix geyeriana (Geyer willow)
  • Salix hookeriana (Hooker willow)
  • Salix piperi (<25′) (Piper willow)
  • Salix rigida (<25′) (Heartleaf willow)
  • Salix sessilifolia (Soft leaved willow)
  • Salix sitchensis (<25′) (Sitka willow)
  • Sambucus caerulea (Blue elderberry)
  • Sambucus racemosa (Red elderberry)
  • Shepherdia canadensis (Russet buffaloberry)
  • Viburnum trilobum (High bush cranberry)

20-40 feet at Mature Height

  • Acer circinatum (Vine maple)
  • Acer glabrum (Douglas maple)
  • Alnus sinuata (Sitka alder)
  • Corylus cornuta (Beaked filbert, Hazelnut)
  • Crataegus columbiana (Columbia hawthorn)
  • Crataegus douglasii v douglasii (Douglas hawthorn)
  • Crataegus douglasii v suksdorfii (Black hawthorn)
  • Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple)
  • Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry)
  • Prunus virginiana (Choke cherry)
  • Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara)
  • Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew)

Over 40 feet at Mature Height

  • Abies grandis (Grand fir)
  • Acer macrophyllum (Big leaf maple)
  • Alnus rubra (Red alder)
  • Betula papyrifera (Paper birch)
  • Cornus nuttallii (Pacific dogwood)
  • Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash)
  • Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
  • Pinus contorta v contorta (Shore pine)
  • Populus balsamifera v trichocarpa (Black cottonwood)
  • Populus tremuloides (Aspen)
  • Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
  • Quercus garryana (Garry oak)
  • Salix lucida v lasiandra (Pacific willow)
  • Salix scouleriana (Scouler willow)
  • Thuja plicata (Western red cedar)
  • Tsuga heterophylla (Western hemlock)

Seed Source Reclassification

Adopting EPA Level III Ecoregions as a better descriptor of seed source and a more relevant arbiter for seed transfer

By Dylan Levy-Boyd and Richard Haard, July 2013

There seems to be general consensus within the restoration community that utilizing genetically fit, locally adapted native plant materials improves the likelihood of planting success (SER 2004). Beyond this agreement, there are wide ranging debates about how to best implement this strategy (Kaye 2002, reprinted in the 2007 Fourth Corner Nurseries catalog). Selecting the most appropriate high quality plant material for a project usually involves finding an acceptable compromise between the best available science and the cost and time required to implement that science. Much of the compromise and debate centers on the seed source(s)[1] of the plant material to be used. This article will touch on the issue of selecting seed sources and cover how Fourth Corner Nurseries is adapting to make selecting appropriate plant material more straightforward. Continue reading

Sex and the Single Salix

by Thomas Landis, David Dreesen & R. Kasten Dumroese

This article, reprinted with the authors’ permission, was originally printed in Native Plants Journal, Volume 4, Number 2 (Fall 2003), and can be viewed with more graphics at http://nativeplants.for.uidaho.edu/Content/Articles/4-2NPJ110-117.pdf.

ABSTRACT

Most restoration projects strive to create a sustainable plant community but exclusive use of vegetatively propagated material may be preventing this goal. The dioecious willows and cottonwoods of the Salicaceae are widely used in riparian restoration projects. Hardwood cuttings have traditionally been used to propagate these species in nurseries, and live stakes, branched cuttings, and poles are also used in bioengineering structures for bank stabilization. Woody cuttings are collected either from the project site or from stooling beds in nurseries during the winter dormant period. Unfortunately, little attention has been given to the sex of the donor plants. The potential problem is that a proper mixture of male and female plants may not be present in the hardwood cuttings or rooted cuttings destined for the restoration site—in the worst case they may be entirely 1 sex or the other. Fortunately, it is relatively easy to distinguish male and female plants. Continue reading